%0 Research article
%T Variation in the results of Norway spruce planting and Scots pine direct seeding in privately-owned forests in southern Finland
%A Kankaanhuhta, Ville
%A Saksa, Timo
%A Smolander, Heikki
%D 2009
%J Silva Fennica
%V 43
%N 1
%R doi:10.14214/sf.217
%U https://silvafennica.fi/article/217
%X This study describes the variation in the planting results for  3-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and 4-year-old Scots  pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) using direct seeding in privately-owned  regeneration areas in southern Finland. The study material consists of  operative forest regeneration quality management inventory areas from  the years 2000–2006. The effect of both the regional and the  administrative levels as well as ecological factors was modelled on the  basis of the hierarchy structure forestry centre, Forest Owners’  Association (= FOA), forestry professional, regeneration area and sample  plot. The major part of the variation occurred at the sample plot and  regeneration area level. Particular attention was paid to observation of  the clustered spatial distribution of Scots pine seedlings. The FOA and  forestry professional levels explained 5% of the variation in Norway  spruce planting and 11% of the variation in Scots pine direct seeding.  Applied forest regeneration operations, site and soil characteristics  were included in the fixed effects. In the planting of Norway spruce the  most important factor explaining the regeneration result was soil  preparation. Mounding produced better results than patching and disc  trenching. The site and soil characteristics were other important  factors in the operations. The selection of direct seeding of Scots pine  on too fertile, fine textured or moist sites yielded poor results.