Table 1. A summary of common garden studies synthesized in this paper. All encountered studies of temperate or boreal trees reporting leaf-out observations were included. ‘Leafing Pattern’ gives the order of leaf budburst: L→H means low latitude/elevation genotypes leaf out earliest, while H→L indicates high latitude/elevation genotypes leaf first. Species nomenclature and authorities follow the referenced publications except where noted. The ‘Range’ column gives the extreme lower and upper values of elevation or latitude and the difference between these values. Key to ‘Wood Anat.’ column abbreviations: DP = diffuse porous, RP = ring porous, NC = narrow coniferous.
Species Plant age (yr) Leafing Pattern Range (range width) Wood Anat. Garden Location Reference
Abies alba Mill. 0–2 No pattern Elev: 824–1604 m (780 m) NCa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Acer pseudoplatanus L. 0–2 No pattern Elev: 481–1533 m (1052 m) DPa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Acer pseudoplatanus L. 1 L→H1 Elev: 400–1760 m (1360 m) DPa Switz., mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Acer saccharum Marsh. 0–1 H→L Lat: 31°–47°N (16°) DPb Ohio, USA Kriebel (1957)
Acer saccharum Marsh. 3 H→L Lat: 39.03°–45.91°N (6.88°) DPb Mult. from AR, USA to ON, Canada Putnam and Reich (2017)
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. 3 H→L Lat: 34.8°–49.2°N (14.4°) DPc Wisconsin, USA Clausen and Garrett (1969)
Betula papyrifera Marsh 2, 4 L→H Lat: 48.22°–55.78°N (7.56°) DPd Three in ID, USA and BC, Canada Dhar et al. (2015)
Fagus crenata Blume 1–3 H→L Lat: 32.5°–42.8°N (10.3°) DPe Mult. in Japan Osada et al. (2018)
Fagus sylvatica L. 4, 8 H→L Lat: 49.12°–54.67°N (5.55°) DPa N. Poland Chmura and Rożkowski (2002)
Fagus sylvatica L. 0–2 H→L Elev: 131–1604 m (1604 m) DPa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Fagus sylvatica L. 1 H→L1 Elev: 540–1280 m (740 m) DPa Switz., multiple sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Fagus sylvatica L. excised twigs of adult trees Simultaneous2 Lat: 47.50°–59.67°N (12.17°) DPa Ås, Norway (greenhouse) Heide (1993)
Fagus sylvatica L. 2 H→L Elev: 550–1090 m (540 m) DPa Birmensdorf, Switz. Frank et al. (2017)
Fagus sylvatica L. 3–5 H→L Elev: 488–1190 m (702 m) DPa French Pyrenees Vitasse et al. (2010)
Frangula alnus Mill. 2 Middle lat. first, then N and S Lat: 43.12°–62.44°N (19.32°) Semi-RP to DPa Geraardsbergen, Belgium Vander Mijnsbrugge (2016)
Fraxinus americana L. ~40 L→H Lat: 30°–47°N (17°) RPb E. KS, USA Carter et al. (2017)
Fraxinus americana L. 36–41 L→H (weakly reversed in some years) Lat: 30.3°–45.7°N (15.4°) RPb N. KY, USA Liang (2019)
Fraxinus excelsior L. 0–2 L→H Elev: 130–1533 m (1403 m) RPa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Fraxinus excelsior L. 1 L→H1 Elev: 420–1440 m (1020 m) RPa Switz., mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Ilex aquifolium L. 0–2 No pattern Elev: 131–1190 m (1059 m) DPa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Juglans nigra L. 4; a few 1–3 L→H Lat: 32°–44°N (12°) Semi-RPb OH, MI and IL, USA Bey (1972)
Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J. Presl. 1 H→L1 Elev: 690–1770 m (1080 m) RPa Switz., mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Liquidambar styraciflua L. 1 L→H Lat: 21.3°–40.0°N (18.7°) DPb Mexico City; Austin, TX, USA McMillan and Winstead (1976)
Liriodendron tulipifera L. 6–7 L→H Lat: 31.5°–35.5°N (4°) DPb Sewanee, TN, USA Farmer et al. (1967)
Nothofagus alpina (Poeppig & Endlicher) Oerst. 6, 9 L→H Elev: 415–1110 m (695 m) DP, some large vesselsf Las Golondrinas, Argentina Duboscq-Carra et al. (2020)
Nothofagus pumilio Poepp. et Endl. 1–4 L→H Elev: 1100–1540 m (440 m) DP, some large vesselsg Greenhouse in Bariloche, Argentina Premoli et al. (2007)
Picea abies (L.) Karst. 1 L→H Lat: 51.67°–66.42°N (14.75°) NCa Growth Chambers in Norway Søgaard et al. (2008)
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 3 L→H Lat: 43.73°–49.35°N (5.62°) NCh Quebec, Canada Li et al. (1997)
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 20–22 H→L Lat: 44.17°–66.58°N (22.41°) NCh Wisconsin, USA Blum (1988)
Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. 2, 4, 5 H→L Lat: 48°–54°N (6°) NCh Simoncouche, QC, Canada Silvestro et al. (2019)
Picea rubens Sarg. 1 No pattern Elev: 1036–1988 m (952 m) NCh Shadehouse at U. VT, USA Butnor et al. (2019)
Picea sitchensis (Bong). Carr. 1 H→L Lat: 41.57°–60.75°N (19.18°) NCh Greenhouse in New Haven, CT, USA Burley (1966)
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 1 No pattern Lat: 40°–61°N (21°) NCh Vancouver, BC, Canada Mimura and Aitken (2007)
Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. 41 H→L Elev: 1170–2463 m (1293 m) NCh Sierra Nevada, CA, USA Martinez et al. (2019)α
Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson 41 Simultaneous Elev: 145–1920 m (1775 m) NCh Sierra Nevada, CA, USA Martinez et al. (2019)α
Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson 1 L→H Elev: 1592–2814 m (1222 m) NCh Greenhouse in Northern AZ, USA Dixit and Kolb (2020)
Pinus sylvestris L. 3, 5, 6 H→L Lat: 50°–55°N (5°) NCh Five in Poland Chmura et al. (2012)
Pinus sylvestris L.* 1 H→L Lat: 40.47°–53.25°N (12.78°) NCh Munich, Germany Taeger et al. (2015)
Pinus sylvestris L. 3 H→L Elev: 71–524 m (453 m) NCh Edinburgh, Scotland Salmela et al. (2011)
Platanus occidentalis L. 1 L→H Elev: 50–1600 m (1550 m) DPb Gulfport, MS, USA Schmitt and Webb (1971)
Populus angustifolia James 2 (from cut shoots) L→H Lat: 34–46°N (12°) DPi Greenhouse at U. of TN, USA Ware et al. (2019)β
Populus balsamifera L. 2–4 (from cut saplings) simultaneous3 Lat: 45–53°N (8°) DPa Thunder Bay, ON, Canada Farmer (1993)
Populus balsamifera L. 1–3 (from cuttings) H→L Lat: 46°–68°N (22°) DPa Vancouver, BC, Canada and Indian Head, SK, Canada Soolanayakanahally et al. (2013)
Populus deltoides Bartr. 7–8 (sometimes 6; from cuttings) H→L Lat: 34°–45°N (11°) Semi-RPb Nebraska, USA Ying and Bagley (1976)
Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh 1–3 (from cuttings No differentiation Lat: 29.2°–47.6°N (18.4°) Semi-RPb Ft. Collins, CO, USA Friedman et al. (2011)
Populus tremula L.* 2 (from cut roots) No differentiation Lat: 56.3°–66.2°N (9.9°) DPa Ekebo (N. Sweden) and Sävar (S. Sweden) Luquez et al. (2008)
Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray 2 (from cut shoots) L→H Lat: 38°–58°N (20°) DPk Patrick County, Virginia Oubida et al. (2015)
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray 1–3 (from cut shoots) No pattern Lat: 44°–59.62°N (15.62°); Elev: 0–900 m (900 m) DPk Vancouver, BC, Canada McKown et al. (2014)
Prunus avium L. 1 L→H1 Elev: 356 –1235 m (879 m) DP to semi-RPa Switzerland, mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.* 2 L→H Elev: 150–900 m (750 m) RPb Browns Valley, CA, USA McBride et al. (1997)
Quercus lobata Née 14 L→H Lat: 34.14°–40.17°N (6.03°) RPb Sedgwick, CA, USA Pearse et al. (2015)
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. 0–2 L→H Elev: 131–1630 m (1499 m) RPa S. France Vitasse et al. (2009)
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.* 2–4 L→H Lat: 46.67°–58.13°N (11.46°) RPa Scotland Deans and Harvey (1995)
Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. 1–3 L→H Elev: 131–1614 m (1483 m) RPa Pierroton, France Alberto et al. (2011)
Quercus petraea Liebl 1 L→H Lat: 46° 58°N (12°) RPa Grosshansdorf, Germany Liepe (1993)
Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl 6 L→H Lat: 43°–56°N (13°) RPa Four sites in France Ducousso et al. (1996)
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. 3–5 No pattern Elev: 427–1235 m (808 m) RPa French Pyrenees Vitasse et al. (2010)
Quercus rubra L.* 2 L→H Elev: 420–1380 m (960 m) RPb S. Appalachians, USA McGee (1974)
Sorbus aria L. 1 No pattern1 Elev: 570–1750 m (1180 m) DPa Switz., mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
Sorbus aucuparia L. 1 No pattern1 Elev: 930–2060 m (1130 m) DPa Switz., mult. sites Vitasse et al. (2013)
  (*) Species marked with an asterisk had no botanical authority listed in the original publication. Those listed here were filled in by looking up the species name in the International Plant Names Index (ipni.org).
  (1) The Vitasse et al. (2013) study had multiple gardens, most of which had two pairs of low/high elevation provenances for each species. Species are classified as having a particular pattern if >75% of pairs showed the same trend.
  (2) The plant material tested came from a wide range of latitudes, and elevation of origin differed as well. Time to leaf out was tested under a range of photoperiods (8 to 24 hours), and differed little among provenances, and the precise order
      of leafing was inconsistent among the different photoperiods.
  (3) Of four source locations for plant materials, the northernmost and southernmost clones leafed out before the two middle-latitude clones, although the total range of mean leafing dates was only 3 days in two of three study years while a
      third year had a 6 day range.
References for wood anatomy information:
  (a) Schoch et al. (2004).
  (b) Evert (2006).
  (c) No data found for Betula allegheniensis, but all birch species with data have diffuse-porous wood (e.g. 5 species in Schoch et al. 2004).
  (d) Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. (2011).
  (e) Bayramzadeh et al. (2008).
  (f) Dettmann et al. (2013).
  (g) Masiokas and Villalba (2004).
  (h) Diaz-Sala et al. (2013).
  (i) Hacke et al. (2001).
  (j) Sparks et al. (2000).
Footnotes for reference information:
  (α) Clarified by Prof. Jill Hamilton, University of North Dakota, USA, pers. comm. in 2020.
  (β) Clarified by Dr. Ian Ware, US Forest Service, pers. comm. in 2020.