Silva Fennica

Fig. 1. Map of study area showing different provenances of Parkia timoriana.

Table 1. Geomorphological climatic data corresponding to each provenance of Parkia timoriana in Northeast India. Meteorology data is from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) sub-stations, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) stations and state statistical department of the respective states.
Provenance	Code	District	Latitude	Longitude	Altitude (m)	MAP (mm)	MAT (°C)
Pherema	P1	Dimapur	25°45´21´´N	93°53´39´´E	432	3224	24
Medziphema	P2	Dimapur	25°45´30´´N	93°52´30´´E	466	1180	28
Shillong	P3	Shillong	25°35´80´´N	91°55´21´´E	1429.5	3530	17
Sumer	P4	Ri-Bhoi	25°41´50´´N	91°54´99´´E	849.5	3063	22
Bishnupur	P5	Bishnupur	24°36´34´´N	93°45´05´´E	820	1237	21
Senapati	P6	Senapati	24°54´25´´N	93°49´36´´E	886	1537	22
Jiribam	P7	Jiribam	24°47´15´´N	93°06´56´´E	60	1942	29
Langol	P8	ImphalWest	24°50´25´´N	93°55´39´´E	851	1482	21
Achanbigei	P9	Imphal East	24°52´46´´N	93°56´25´´E	788	1591	24
Serchhip	P10	Serchhip	23°20´46´´N	92°51´02´´E	858.5	2208	25
Lunglei	P11	Lunglei	23°11´26´´N	92°45´06´´E	809	3080	26
Sakawrtuichhun	P12	Aizawl	23°45´33´´N	92°40´25´´E	839	2548	25
MAP = Mean annual precipitation, MAT = Mean annual temperature.

Table 2. Tree characters corresponding to average candidate plus tree (CPT) of each provenance of Parkia timoriana.
Provenance	HT	DBH	CS	V	NB	CB	PC	PT
P1	11.45	19.78	5.87	0.47	9.3	5.01	10.4	492.1
P2	13.10	23.28	6.08	0.71	7.1	4.15	9.3	268.8
P3	10.30	21.85	5.93	0.55	9.4	4.50	10.3	424.7
P4	13.50	25.30	6.24	0.91	9.9	4.88	9.5	457.8
P5	11.30	16.50	6.12	0.49	8.8	4.87	13.0	541.8
P6	10.40	18.15	5.84	0.54	7.7	4.50	10.4	360.6
P7	12.30	22.70	5.65	0.67	11.0	4.09	9.4	414.4
P8	6.73	16.05	5.03	0.22	6.9	5.01	11.6	403.2
P9	13.50	18.86	5.60	0.56	7.9	4.63	10.2	369.0
P10	13.40	20.08	6.63	0.63	10.0	4.84	12.5	609.6
P11	9.10	17.45	5.55	0.34	6.4	4.55	8.9	260.8
P12	11.80	22.60	6.21	0.89	9.8	4.87	9.2	447.6
LSM	11.41	20.22	5.90	0.58	8.7	4.66	10.4	420.8
CV	17.93	14.53	6.98	34.49	16.73	6.64	12.77	24.07
SEm	0.59	0.85	0.12	0.02	0.42	0.09	0.38	29.2
LSD (P < 0.05)	2.01	5.34	0.70	0.72	2.16	0.70	1.2	133.7
HT = tree height (m), DBH = diameter at breast height (cm), CS = Crown spread (m), V = tree volume (m³), NB = number of branches per tree, CB = number of capitulum per branch, PC = number of pods per capitulum, PT = number of pods per tree, LSM = Least Square Means, CV = coefficient of variance, SEm = standard error of mean, LSD = least significant difference, n = 10.

Fig. 2. Morphometric characters of Parkia timoriana in 12 provenances. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pairwise separations. The values with same letter between the provenances are not significantly different at P < 0.05. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between seed and pod morphometric traits (SPT’s) of 12 Parkia timoriana provenances.
SPT	PL	PWT	SWP	SNP	GP	GE	SDL1	CD1	SDL2	CD2
SWT	0.31	0.53	0.86**	0.27	0.55	0.52	0.58*	0.09	0.51	0.12
PL	1	0.76**	0.70*	0.89**	–0.07	–0.10	0.54	–0.04	0.48	0.08
PWT		1	0.73**	0.72**	–0.09	–0.16	0.59*	0.15	0.51	0.21
SWP			1	0.72**	0.34	0.31	0.76**	0.04	0.69*	0.06
SNP				1	–0.10	–0.13	0.64*	–0.05	0.58*	–0.04
GP					1	0.99**	0.23	0.34	0.14	0.48
GE						1	0.18	0.26	0.09	0.44
SDL1							1	0.12	0.97**	0.19
CD1								1	0.13	0.78**
SDL2									1	0.15
CD2										1
* Correlation is significant at P < 0.05 (2 tailed). ** Correlation is significant at P < 0.01 (2 tailed). SWT = seed weight, PL = pod length, PWT = pod weight, SWP = seed weight per pod, SNP = seed number, GP = Germination percentage, GE = Germination energy, SDL1 and CD1 = seedling length and collar diameter at 90 days, SDL2 and CD2 = seedling length and collar diameter at 180 days. Seed length (SL), seed width (SW), seed thickness (ST) and pod width (PW) are not included as they have no significant relationship to any of the traits.

Table 4. Pearson correlation analysis showing the effect of seasonal distribution of rainfall and temperature and geography of provenance of Parkia timoriana on the seed and pod traits.
	WR	MR	PMR	WT	STM	MT	PMT	LAT	LON	ALT
PL	–0.42*	–0.36*	–0.23	0.20	0.28	0.24	0.32*	–0.24	0.03	–0.29
PW	–0.48*	0.12	0.12	–0.10	–0.11	–0.19	–0.10	0.05	–0.42*	0.09
PWT	–0.22	–0.43*	–0.14	0.08	0.29	0.28	0.29	–0.52*	0.18	–0.19
SWP	–0.46*	–0.27	–0.40*	0.39*	0.53*	0.41*	0.48*	–0.46*	–0.03	–0.28
SNP	–0.51*	–0.34*	–0.26	0.23	0.31*	0.26	0.35*	–0.31*	–0.10	–0.21
SL	0.38*	–0.21	–0.16	0.23	0.34*	0.36*	0.28	–0.07	0.52*	–0.35*
SW	0.30*	–0.10	–0.22	–0.01	0.05	0.13	0.08	0.50*	0.31*	–0.27
ST	0.09	0.00	0.31*	–0.30*	–0.29	–0.30*	–0.36*	0.03	0.152	0.32*
SWT	–0.18	–0.10	–0.34*	0.40*	0.56*	0.42*	0.43*	–0.47*	0.087	–0.25
*Correlation is significant at P < 0.01 (2 tailed). PL = pod length, PW = pod width, PWT = pod weight, SWP = seed weight per pod, SNP = seed number per pod, SL = seed length, SW = seed width, ST = seed thickness, SWT = seed weight, WR = winter rainfall, SR = summer rainfall, MR = monsoon rainfall, PMR = post monsoon rainfall, WT = winter temperature, STM = summer temperature, PMT = post monsoon temperature, LAT = latitude, LON = longitude, ALT = altitude. Summer rainfall (SR) is not included as it has no significant correlation.

Fig. 3. Effect of different provenance on germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE) and mean germination time (MGT) of Parkia timoriana. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pairwise separations. The values with same letter between the provenances are not significantly different at P < 0.05. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 5. Variance component analysis of seed germination and seedling growth traits of Parkia timoriana.
Source of variation	df	Variance components				Expected mean square
Germination traits		GP	GE
Provenance	11	0.067*	0.035*
Error	48	0.021	0.013
Growth traits		SDL1	CD1	SDL2	CD2
Provenance	11	24*	0.11*	192.676*	0.688*
Error	288	38	0.032	120.113	0.141
df = degree of freedom, GP = germination per cent, GE = germination energy, SDL1 and CD1 = seedling length and collar diameter at 90 days, SDL2 and CD2 = seedling length and collar diameter at 180 days. *Significant at P < 0.05.

Table 6. Broad sense heritability, provenance and environment coefficient of variation for germination and growth characters of Parkia timoriana.
Characters	Coefficient of variation (%)		Heritability (%)
Characters	Provenance	Environment
Germination Parameters
GP%	1.36	0.43	76.0
GE%	0.85	0.32	72.0
Seedling growth parameters
SDL1	8.11	10.21	38.7
CD1	6.98	3.77	77.5
SDL2	13.37	10.56	61.6
CD2	12.39	5.61	83.0
GP = germination per cent, GE = germination energy, SDL1 and CD1 = seedling length and collar diameter at 90 days, SDL2 and CD2 = seedling length and collar diameter at 180 days.

Table 7. Seedling growth parameters of Parkia timoriana as affected by different seed sources in Northeast India.
Provenance/Seed source	Seedling growth parameters
Provenance/Seed source	SDL1 ± SEm	CD1 ± SEm	SV1	SDL2 ± SEm	CD2 ± SEm	SV2	VI	AGR
P1	47.75 ± 0.6	5.27 ± 0.04	4345.1	76.4 ± 0.87	7.89 ± 0.05	6952.1	HV	0.32
P2	64.52 ± 1.28	4.69 ± 0.02	4387.6	111.79 ± 2.22	6.65 ± 0.03	7601.6	HV	0.53
P3	56.74 ± 1.27	4.58 ± 0.02	1872.4	102.52 ± 20	5.62 ± 0.03	3383.3	LV	0.51
P4	56.98 ± 1.15	4.33 ± 0.03	2279.2	100.37 ± 2.22	5.86 ± 0.04	4014.6	LV	0.48
P5	53.3 ± 1.1	5.01 ± 0.04	1385.8	91.37 ± 2.12	6.78 ± 0.06	2375.7	LV	0.42
P6	54.68 ± 1.14	3.44 ± 0.03	1804.4	87.43 ± 1.52	5.11 ± 0.05	2885.2	LV	0.36
P7	70.02 ± 1.97	4.69 ± 0.1	3991.1	120.75 ± 4.17	7.56 ± 0.15	6882.7	HV	0.56
P8	62.6 ± 1.46	4.32 ± 0.06	1940.6	111.12 ± 2.80	6.94 ± 0.10	3444.7	LV	0.54
P9	59.16 ± 0.99	5.45 ± 0.04	1064.9	102.11 ± 1.96	7.13 ± 0.13	1837.9	LV	0.48
P10	72.04 ± 1.02	5.31 ± 0.09	5979.3	126.6 ± 2.01	7.23 ± 0.05	10507.5	HV	0.61
P11	67.06 ± 0.82	4.7 ± 0.04	3889.5	113.2 ± 1.41	6.52 ± 0.05	6565.8	HV	0.51
P12	61.04 ± 0.45	5.19 ± 0.04	3296.2	102.16 ± 1.06	7.04 ± 0.05	5516.7	LV	0.46
Mean	60.49	4.75	3019.7	103.82	6.69	5163.8
CV	14.79	12.48	50.08	16.63	13.23	50.30
SEm	0.52	0.03	436.6	0.99	0.05	749.8
LSD (P < 0.05)	3.72	0.16	1050.2	6.98	0.25	1803.7
SDL1 = seedling length (cm) on 90th day, CD1 = collar diameter(mm) on 90th day, SDL2 = seedling length(cm) on 180th day, CD2 = collar diameter(mm) on 180th day, SV = seedling vigour, VI = vigour index, HV = high vigour, LV = low vigour, AGR = Average growth rate (cm/day), SEm = standard error of mean.

Fig. 4. Overall rank of the provenances with respect to their morphological (seed and pod), germination percentage and seedling vigour.R1 to R12 are the aggregate rank of traits.