Table 1. Summary of eight standards and three levels of the Transparency and openness promotion guidelines for scientific journals (https://www.cos.io/our-services/top-guidelines).
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Citation
Standards 		Journal describes citation of data in guidelines to authors with clear rules and examples. Article provides appropriate citation for data and materials used consistent with journal’s author guidelines. Article is not published until providing appropriate citation for data and materials following journal’s author guidelines.
Data
Transparency 		Article states whether data are available, and, if so, where to access them. Data must be posted to a trusted repository. Exceptions must be identified at article submission. Data must be posted to a trusted repository, and reported analyses will be reproduced independently prior to publication.
Analytic Methods (Code) Transparency Article states whether code is available, and, if so, where to access them. Code must be posted to a trusted repository. Exceptions must be identified at article submission. Code must be posted to a trusted repository, and reported analyses will be reproduced independently prior to publication.
Research
Materials
Transparency 		Article states whether materials are available, and, if so, where to access them. Materials must be posted to a trusted repository. Exceptions must be identified at article submission. Materials must be posted to a trusted repository, and reported analyses will be reproduced independently prior to publication.
Design and Analysis
Transparency 		Journal articulates design transparency standards. Journal requires adherence to design transparency standards for review and publication. Journal requires and enforces adherence to design transparency standards for review and publication.
Preregistration
of studies 		Journal encourages preregistration of studies and provides link in article to preregistration if it exists. Journal encourages preregistration of studies and provides link in article and certification of meeting preregistration badge requirements. Journal requires preregistration of studies and provides link and badge in article to meeting requirements.
Preregistration
of analysis plans 		Journal encourages preanalysis plans and provides link in article to registered analysis plan if it exists. Journal encourages preanalysis plans and provides link in article and certification of meeting registered analysis plan badge requirements. Journal requires preregistration of studies with analysis plans and provides link and badge in article to meeting requirements.
Replication Journal encourages submission of replication studies. Journal encourages submission of replication studies and conducts results blind review. Journal uses Registered Reports as a submission option for replication studies with peer review prior to observing the study outcomes.