Table 1. Descriptive data of Carpinus betulus L. collection populations in Lithuania.
No Regional Subdivision (RS), Enterprise Geographic coordinates WGS-84 Altitude
(m) 		Material (L – leaves, I – involucres, N – nuts) Number of samples used in cpDNA analysis Number of samples used in the morphometric analysis (I, N)
X Y
1 Kretinga RS, Mikoliškės 2.1744353 69.3761656 70 L 6
2 Raseiniai RS Kražiai 2.6685059 69.1799559 169 L 8
3 Tauragė RS, Pagramantis 2.4468469 69.0764535 70 L 6
4 Radviliškis RS, Pašušvys 3.0131742 69.1258463 107 L 8
5 Ukmergė RS, Taujėnai 3.4118826 69.1347784 82 L 8
6 Prienai RS, Dušnionys 3.3560720 68.4042971 191 L, I, N 6 20, 20
7 Šalčininkai RS, Poškonys 3.9409301 68.3890851 243 L 6
8 Prienai RS, N. Ūta 3.1257050 68.5163168 104 L, I, N 6 20, 20
9 Kazlų Rūda RS, Vilkaviškis 2.7348419 68.5435229 86 L 6
10 Trakai RS Žiežmariai 3.4003595 68.6523443 164 L 8
11 Dubrava RS, Vilkija 2.9995270 68.8654302 30 I, N 20, 20
12 Trakai RS Būda 3.3519082 68.7721338 86 I, N 20, 20
13 Trakai RS, Aukštadvaris 4.8355819 24.5672035 165 I, N 20, 20
14 Varėna RS, Žygmantiškės 3.6536445 68.3495198 150 I, N 20, 20
15 Varėna RS, Eišiškės 3.6448808 68.3294573 156 I, N 20, 20
Table 2. Average values and standard deviation (Mean ± SD) of characteristics, MANOVA test and F statistics of Carpinus betulus of morphometric measurements involucres and nuts in Lithuania. Numbers in bold and different letters in the same row indicate significant differences at p < 0.05.
No Morphometric traits Abbreviations Units Mean ± SD F value p
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Measured parameters with WinFolia (2016)
Involucres
1 Length L cm 3.820 ± 0.63 3.90 ± 4.67 3.96 ± 0.41 0.15 0.8577
2 Distance between top and outer base of the central lobe DO cm 2.71 ± 0.46 2.87 ± 0.31 2.98 ± 0.30 1.07 0.3555
3 Distance between top and inner base of the central lobe DI cm 2.99 ± 0.53 3.17 ± 0.35 3.26 ± 0.35 1.03 0.3698
4 Width of the central lobe at the base WC cm 1.02 ± 0.11 1.03 ± 0.13 1.06 ± 0.11 0.26 0.7734
5 Angle of top of the central lobe AC ° 102.01 ± 15.23 97.46 ± 16.61 112.15 ± 16.05 1.6 0.2167
6 Angle between central and outer lobes ACO ° 48.56 ± 5.35 51.02 ± 6.37 55.09 ± 9.46 2 0.1522
7 Length of outer lobe LO cm 1.98 ± 0.42 1.85 ± 0.26 1.76 ± 0.28 0.95 0.3958
8 Distance between top and base of outer lobe DO cm 0.75 ± 0.19 0.71 ± 0.09 0.70 ± 0.18 0.43 0.6539
9 Width of the outer lobe at the base WO cm 0.60 ± 0.08 0.58 ± 0.08 0.58 ± 0.05 0.3 0.7427
10 Angle of top of outer lobe AO ° 77.39 ± 15.09 76.50 ± 11.08 78.61 ± 13.44 0.05 0.9503
11 Angle between central and inner lobes ACI ° 49.27 ± 7.49 54.64 ± 6.48 57.38 ± 12.47 2.74 0.0794
12 Length of the inner lobe LI cm 1.82 ± 0.41 1.73 ± 0.27 1.69 ± 0.17 0.43 0.6523
13 Distance between top and base of the inner lobe DI cm 0.85 ± 0.25 0.81 ± 0.16 0.81 ± 0.10 0.17 0.841
14 Width of the inner lobe at base WI cm 0.53 ± 0.06 0.53 ± 0.06 0.53 ± 0.08 0.07 0.928
15 Angle of top of the inner lobe AI ° 68.43 ± 10.52 73.19 ± 11.20 76.02 ± 12.95 1.15 0.3291
Other measurements
Involucres
16 Number of teeth of the central lobe NC psc. 1.92 ± 1.24 b 5.20 ± 4.31 a 2.10 ± 0.86 b 5.07 0.0122
17 Number of teeth of outer lobe NO psc. 0.40 ± 0.46 b 1.17 ± 0.84 a 0.35 ± 0.29 b 6.35 0.0048
18 Number of teeth of the inner lobe NI psc. 0.02 ± 0.06 b 0.45 ± 0.48 a 0.20 ± 0.21 ab 6.44 0.0044
Nuts
19 Length SL mm 7.02 ± 0.72 7.30 ± 0.50 7.02 ± 0.68 0.88 0.4255
20 Width SW mm 5.53 ± 1.64 5.78 ± 0.57 6.07 ± 0.46 0.45 0.6415
21 Thickness ST mm 3.09 ± 0.22 3.25 ± 0.37 3.29 ± 0.40 1.23 0.3066
22 Number of edges SE psc. 8.21 ± 1.34 8.87 ± 2.02 9.15 ± 1.73 0.692 0.768
Counted characteristics
23 Involucre shape of central lobe (1/4) L/WC 3.77 ± 0.39 3.82 ± 0.46 3.79 ± 0.67 0.05 0.9558
24 Involucre shape of outer lobe (7/9) LO/WO 3.32 ± 0.48 3.40 ± 0.98 3.21 ± 0.60 0.14 0.8711
25 Involucre shape of inner lobe (12/14) LI/WI 3.45 ± 0.62 3.32 ± 0.38 3.30 ± 0.66 0.3 0.7453
26 Involucre outer lobe proportion (1/7) L/LO 1.96 ± 0.24 b 2.12 ± 0.16 ab 2.29 ± 0.30 a 4.78 0.0153
27 Involucre inner lobe proportion (1/12) L/LI 2.15 ± 0.27 2.29 ± 0.20 2.37 ± 0.29 2.07 0.1432
28 Involucre side lobe asymmetry (7/12) LO/LI 1.10 ± 0.08 1.09 ± 0.11 1.04 ± 0.09 0.61 0.552
29 Involucre asymmetry of side lobe position (2/3) DO/DI 0.91 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.02 0.91 ± 0.03 0.18 0.8391
30 Ratio of nut length and width (19/20) SL/SW 1.19 ± 0.12 1.28 ± 0.13 1.16 ± 0.05 2.87 0.0715
1

Fig. 1. Fragment of cpDNA sequences showing 24 nt deletions in the second haplotype of the psbA-trnH region was revealed in individuals of two Carpinus betulus populations (6 and 7, Table 1).

2

Fig. 2. A plot of the first two canonical variables of involucres and nuts morphometric traits of Carpinus betulus: 1 – western site, 2 – south-eastern site, and 3 – intermediate site. A plot of canonical variables reveals their discriminant power (in this case it is similar).