Silva Fennica

Fig. 1. A. Location of the studied forest stands in Sliteres National park. B. The study site location within Latvia. C. Location of Latvia in Europe. NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.

Table 1. Size of the studied forest stands by type and management.
Forest type	Size of the forest stands, ha
Forest type	NAT	SALNAT	SALPLA
Cladinoso-callunosa	0.4	2.1	1.6
Vacciniosa	3.1	4.8	1.3
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa	1.5	2.0	1.5
Sphagnosa	2.0	1.0	0.8
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.

Table 2. Effect of regenerating saplings (>0.5 m height) on vegetation composition constrained by management type in permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Mean height, DBH (diameter at breast height), basal area, and density of saplings are given. The significant effects are shown in bold. The letters designate significant differences according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The tests were conducted separately for each of the four forest types. View in new window/tab.

Table 3. Measured mean canopy openness and its effect on species composition constrained by management type as determined by paired permutation multivariate analysis of variance. Significant effects are shown in bold and letters indicate significant differences according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The tests were conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
	Mean canopy openness			NAT vs SALNAT		SALNAT vs SALPLA		SALPLA vs NAT
	NAT	SALNAT	SALPLA	p-value	F-value	p-value	F-value	p-value	F-value
Cladinoso-callunosa	45.3	20.3	47.9	0.8	0.5	0.02	2.3	0.07	1.7
Vacciniosa	32.7A	25.2B	24.8C	<0.001	4.2	0.008	2.9	<0.001	4.2
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa	24.7B	53.6A	23.9C	0.002	3.8	<0.001	6.3	0.04	1.9
Sphagnosa	61.7A	27.4B	47.9B	0.04	2.1	<0.001	5.8	0.2	1.2
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.

Fig. 2. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Cladinoso callunosa stands. Vectors show correlations between the vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine ( Pine_D ), mean height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_H) and density of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Supplementary file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

Fig. 3. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Vacciniosa stands. Vectors show correlations between the vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating black alder (Alder_D), mean height of regenerating black alder (Alder_H) and basal area of regenerating black alder (Alder_G). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

Fig. 4. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Myrtilloso-sphagnosa stands. Vectors show significant correlations of vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_D), mean height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_H), basal area of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_G), density of regenerating Norway spruce (Spruce_N), Scots pine (Pine_N) and black alder (Alder_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting. Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

Fig. 5. Species and sample plot ordination (Detrended correspondence analysis) for Sphagnosa stands. Vectors show significant correlations of vegetation gradients and canopy openness (OP), basal area of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_G) and Scots pine (Pine_G), mean height of regenerating Silver birch (Birch_H) and Scots pine (Pine_H), mean diameter at breast height of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_D) and Silver birch (Birch_D), and density of regenerating Scots pine (Pine_N) and Silver birch (Birch_N). NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting Species abbreviations are shown in full in Suppl. file S1. View larger in new window/tab.

Table 4. Indicator species of management by forest types. P-values and indicator values (IV) are given. The analysis was conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
	NAT			SALNAT			SALPLA
	Species	p-value	IV	Species	p-value	IV	Species	p-value	IV
Cladinoso-callunosa	Dicranum scoparium Hedw.	<0.001	81.3	Melampyrum pratense L.	<0.001	85.0	Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm.	0.002	77.0
	Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.	<0.001	51.0	Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid) Mitt.	0.007	37.7	Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.	0.002	38.8
	Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot.	<0.001	38.1				Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull	0.044	38.5
	Pine seedlings Pinus sylvestris L.	<0.001	45.0				Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad., 1794	<0.001	67.9
	Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.	0.001	45.2
Vacciniosa	Vaccinium myrtillus L.	<0.001	54.8	Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull	0.01	41.9	Polytrichum commune Hedw.	<0.01	59.6
	Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr.	<0.001	33.3	Festuca ovina L.	<0.001	55.6
				Luzula pilosa (L). Willd.	<0.001	30.8
				Melampyrum pratense L.	<0.001	57.7
				Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn	<0.001	39.0
				Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp.	<0.001	55.0
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa	Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.	0.002	46.2	Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull	<0.001	59.2	Birch seedlings Betula pendula Roth	<0.001	74.6
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa	Polytrichum commune Hedw.	<0.001	53.2	Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow	<0.001	82.5	Eriophorum vaginatum L.	<0.001	39.8
Sphagnosa	Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow	0.005	39.5	Oxycoccus palustris Pers.	<0.001	50.2	Birch seedlings Betula pendula Roth	<0.001	59.2
				Salix spp.	<0.001	42.5	Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull	0.006	38.6
				Polytrichum commune Hedw.	<0.001	88.6	Vaccinium myrtillus L.	<0.001	48.2
				Sphagnum riparium Ångstr.	<0.001	30.0	Dicranum polysetum Sw.	<0.001	64.5
				Ledum palustris L.	0.023	34.2	Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwägr.	<0.001	54.4
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.

Table 5. Species richness according to forest type and management. Significant effects are shown in bold (according to ANOVA). The different letters indicate significant differences between management types according to the pairwise Tukey’s post-hoc test. The analysis was conducted separately for each of the four forest types.
	Number of species (with mosses)
	NAT	SALNAT	SALPLA
Cladinoso-callunosa	19	26	22
Vacciniosa	16A	40B	26A
Myrtilloso-sphagnosa	29A	23A	49B
Sphagnosa	22	31	22
NAT – natural regeneration, SALNAT – salvage logged and left for natural regeneration, SALPLA – salvage logging with planting.