A. L. Backman, Astrid Cleve-Euler. (1922). The fossil diatom (Diatomeae) flora in Ostrobothnia, Finland. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 22 no. 4 article id 7073. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7073

Keywords: flora; diatom; Diatomeae; fossil; Littorina

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For the purpose of defining the area and borders of former Littorina-sea (littorine stage of development of the Baltic) in Finland, the subfossil diatoms are a proof. During the year 1916 there were clay samples collected among the river Pyhäjoki, from the places that are presumably above and below the Littorina sea border. The examination of the samples showed that at six of them there contained no fossils, and four of them had only one kind of them. After this pre-examination 46 samples more were collected from the similar spots than the ones where the diatom fossils were found. This article presents the preliminary results of the project defining the borders of the Littorina-sea. The places of discovery of the diatom fossils are described.

The fossils in Ostrobothnia are rich of diatom flora. The most commonly occurred species were e.g. Epithemia turgida and Gyrosigma attenuatum. The half of the total number of the species are found in only five samples; most species feature only in few samples, if not in only one sample.

The article presents minimum levels of Littorina-sea as preliminary results.

Backman, E-mail: ab@mm.unknown
Cleve-Euler, E-mail: ac@mm.unknown

article id 7056, category Article

Väinö Auer. (1921). About stratification of peatlands in middle Ostrobothnia. Acta Forestalia Fennica vol. 18 no. 4 article id 7056. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7056

Keywords: peatland; stratification; moor; relics; Subboreal; subfossil

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The article describes the characteristics and emergence and development of four peatlands in middle Ostrobothnia, Finland. In addition, the age of the Rahkaneva and Kurmunneva peatlands was determined and their relationship. The different layers of the peat and the plant relics they contain are represented.

The age determination was based on different layers of the peat that contain different fossils of pollen and pieces of different plant species. The height of the layers was measured. It seems that Rahkaneva has grown into its current area during a warm and dry period in Subboreal.

Auer, E-mail: va@mm.unknown

Category : Research article

article id 25043, category Research article

Henrik Heräjärvi, Adam Taylor, Antti Mutanen, Miika Tolvanen, Jouni Pykäläinen. (2026). Effects of wood products substitution on fossil carbon emissions in Finland, the European Union, and the World. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25043. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25043

Keywords: avoided fossil emissions; carbon handprint; climate policies; substitution impact

Highlights: Use of forests is an important component of climate change mitigation with instant impacts; Product and energy substitutions are the only known forest-related mechanisms substantially affecting fossil greenhouse gas emissions; Substitution impact by wood use corresponds to the fossil emissions of Finland, while in the EU and the world it is similar to the reported LULUCF emissions.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The main driver of climate change is fossil carbon emissions that can be avoided by using renewables instead of fossil-intensive energy or materials. A displacement factor (DF) quantifies fossil emissions avoided by wood use instead of a fossil material. Substitution impact of wood products can be calculated by multiplying their product-specific DFs and their production volumes. We quantified the substitution impact in Finland, the European Union (EU), and worldwide for 2020 using two different DF sets. We extended the analysis out to 2040 in Finland. Depending on DFs used, the avoided fossil emissions by wood use were 13–38 (Finnish wood), 149–317 (EU wood), and 971–2014 (world wood) MtCO₂e in 2020. These correspond to 37–94% (Finland), 6–12% (EU), and 3–6% (world) of total fossil emissions in their respective areas, highlighting the importance of substitution impacts. Despite the uncertainties, the estimates show large climate effects. In Finland, the substitution impact approaches the scale of the total fossil emissions of the country, while at the EU and global scales, the impact is similar in scale to the entire reported LULUCF criterion. The DFs for wood use may decrease in the future because of the decarbonization of the energy systems used in the production of alternatives to wood: steel, concrete, and plastics. However, wood products will remain important in avoiding fossil emissions by providing bio-based material and energy options.

Heräjärvi, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7256-3887 E-mail: henrik.herajarvi@uef.fi
Taylor, University of Tennessee, School of Natural Resources, 203 CRC Material Sci & Tech, 2506 Jacob Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA E-mail: mtaylo29@utk.edu
Mutanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Bioeconomy and environment, Yliopistokatu 6 B, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: antti.mutanen@luke.fi
Tolvanen, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: miika.tolvanen@primatimber.fi
Pykäläinen, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: jouni.pykalainen@uef.fi

article id 166, category Research article

Kim Pingoud, Johanna Pohjola, Lauri Valsta. (2010). Assessing the integrated climatic impacts of forestry and wood products. Silva Fennica vol. 44 no. 1 article id 166. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.166

Keywords: carbon stocks; managed forests; silvicultural guidelines; harvested wood products; energy and material substitution; displacement of fossil carbon emissions

Abstract | View details | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Managed forests serve as a store of carbon (C) and a renewable source of energy and materials. By using forest products as substitutes for fossil fuels or non-renewable materials, emissions from fossil C sources can be displaced. The efficiency of emissions displacement depends on the product, its lifecycle and the fossil-fuel based reference system that is substituted. Forest management practices have an impact on C stocks in biomass and on the annual supply of products and their mix. There are trade-offs between sequestering C stocks in forests and the climatic benefits obtained by sustainable forest harvesting and using wood products to displace fossil C emissions. This article presents an integrated, steady-state analysis comparing various equilibrium states of managed forests and wood product pools that represent sustainable long-term forestry and wood-use strategies. Two climatic indicators are used: the combined C stock in forests and wood products and the fossil C emissions displaced annually by harvested wood products. The study indicates that long-term strategies could be available that are better according to both indicators than forestry practices based on the existing silvicultural guidelines in Finland. These strategies would involve increasing the basal area and prolonging rotations to produce more sawlogs. Further, the climate benefits appear to be highest in case the sawlog supply is directed to production of long-lived materials substituting for fossil-emission and energy intensive materials and recycled after their useful life to bioenergy.

Pingoud, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland E-mail: kim.pingoud@vtt.fi
Pohjola, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland E-mail: jp@nn.fi
Valsta, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland E-mail: lv@nn.fi

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