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Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 | 2026

Category : Research article

article id 26007, category Research article

Yrjö Nuutinen, Jari Miina, Timo Muhonen, Janne Uuttera, Heikki Ovaskainen. (2026). Comparing the characteristics, removals and incomes of zone- and low-thinned stands of Norway spruce. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 26007. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.26007

Keywords: Picea abies; peatland; simulation; first thinning; hpr-data; thinning removal

Highlights: At the first thinning stage, zone thinning resulted in lower removals and incomes than low thinning; The total removal and income from the first thinning and subsequent simulated cuttings did not differ between thinning treatments; Zone thinning is a feasible option for the first thinning; On peatland, zone thinning would diversify stand structure and encourage natural regeneration.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Zone thinning is designed to improve harvesting productivity in the first commercial thinning and facilitate the transition to continuous cover forestry by encouraging natural regeneration. In zone thinning, the density of the remaining stand varies between strip roads 30 m apart, from heavily thinned roadside zones to untreated zones >10 m from the road. In the subsequent thinning, strip roads are opened in the untreated zones. This study first compared the characteristics and removals of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) dominated stands after zone and low thinning. Thinning treatments were applied in two planted stands on mineral soil at the first commercial thinning stage, and in two advanced thinning stands on drained peatlands. The harvested removals were obtained from the harvester records. Secondly, the post-treatment development and removal of the experimental plots were predicted using a distance-dependent, individual-tree simulator that had been developed for spruce-pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) mixtures. On zone-thinned plots of young thinning stands, the number of stems per ha was significantly higher, and the amount harvested was significantly lower, compared to low-thinned plots. In advanced thinning stands, the stand basal area and volume were higher on zone-thinned plots than on low-thinned plots. Total removals (harvested and simulated) and cutting incomes during the rotation period did not differ between zone and low thinning treatments. This suggests that zone thinning could be used for the first thinning without reducing timber production or revenues.

Nuutinen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6B, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3360-4444 E-mail: yrjo.nuutinen@luke.fi
Miina, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Yliopistokatu 6B, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8639-4383 E-mail: jari.miina@luke.fi
Muhonen, E-mail: tmuhonen@saunalahti.fi
Uuttera, UPM Forest, Vankanlähde 7, FI-13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland E-mail: janne.uuttera@upm.com
Ovaskainen, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-6662 E-mail: heikki.ovaskainen1@gmail.com

article id 25053, category Research article

Jouni Partanen, Risto Häkkinen, Anneli Viherä-Aarnio, Niina Stenvall, Heikki Hänninen. (2026). Short-day treatment in late summer reduces the chilling requirement in Norway spruce seedlings. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25053. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25053

Keywords: bud burst percentage; days to bud burst; rest; endodormancy release; forcing, quiescence

Highlights: Short-day treatment reduces the chilling requirement and the time to bud burst in Norway spruce seedlings; Forcing photoperiod does not affect the time to bud burst of short-day treated seedlings; In natural outdoor conditions, the short-day treatment advances the bud burst slightly.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Artificial shortening of photoperiod with short-day (SD) treatment in late summer is a common measure in forest nurseries to advance the growth cessation and increase the frost hardiness of seedlings in the autumn. We conducted an experimental study of the effect of SD treatment (12 h) in the preceding summer and the photoperiod (16 h, 8 h) prevailing in the regrowth test under forcing conditions. The effect of these factors on the chilling requirement in second-year Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings was studied. Half of the seedlings were first subjected to a three-week SD treatment between 11 July and 1 August 2005, whereas the other half were used as the control group. The seedlings were first exposed to chilling in natural conditions. Subsequently, samples of the seedlings were transferred at intervals between September and May to a regrowth test in growth-promoting forcing conditions in a greenhouse. Additionally, we observed the bud burst of the seedlings in natural conditions during the next spring. Our main result was that SD treatment reduced the chilling requirement in the seedlings. Long photoperiod (16 h) in the forcing conditions also reduced the chilling requirement. The buds of the SD-treated seedlings burst earlier than those of the control seedlings and generally at almost the same time in both photoperiods. This suggests that the photoperiod prevailing in the forcing conditions has no additional delaying or advancing effect on the bud burst of SD-treated seedlings. In natural outdoor conditions, the SD treatment in the preceding summer advanced the springtime bud burst slightly.

Partanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1782-4283 E-mail: ext.jouni.partanen@luke.fi
Häkkinen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1687-1045 E-mail: risto.hakkinen@yahoo.com
Viherä-Aarnio, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-637X E-mail: annelivihe@outlook.com
Stenvall, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, P.O. Box 2, FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-8712 E-mail: niina.stenvall@luke.fi
Hänninen, State Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, PR China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-2297 E-mail: hhannin@zafu.edu.cn

article id 25052, category Research article

Elisa Männistö, Johanna Jetsonen, Heli Peltola, Teemu Rouvinen, Samuli Launiainen, Annamari Laurén, Marjo Palviainen. (2026). Short-term impacts of nitrogen fertilization on the cover of vascular plant and bryophyte species in boreal Scots pine and Norway spruce stands. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25052. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25052

Keywords: herbs; understorey vegetation; shrubs; grasses; bottom layer vegetation; field layer vegetation

Highlights: Nitrogen fertilization had no significant impact on the cover of any vascular plant or bryophyte species in the boreal forest stands studied; The cover of many species decreased over the years, regardless of fertilization treatment; The exceptionally warm and dry summer of 2021 may have contributed to the decrease in the cover of many species.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Nitrogen (N) fertilization increases carbon sequestration and wood production in boreal upland forests and thus supports climate change mitigation. Excess N may, however, alter the cover, biomass and biodiversity of the ground vegetation. But little is known about how the species composition and cover are affected by the different intensities of N fertilization. Here, we evaluated the short-term impacts of N fertilization on the cover of vascular plant and bryophyte species in two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) -dominated and two Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) -dominated stands in Eastern Finland. The fertilization was done using a forwarder in the Scots pine stands and a helicopter in the Norway spruce stands, which are typical vehicles for this work in practical forestry. Funnel traps were used to measure the applied N doses at the plot level. Each study site also included unfertilized control plots. The percentage cover of vascular plant and bryophyte species was estimated at the beginning of the experiment, and then twice within 2–4 years after the fertilization. Overall, N fertilization had no significant impact on the cover of any vascular plant or bryophyte species. The cover of many species also decreased over the years, both in the fertilized and unfertilized plots. The exceptionally warm and dry summer of 2021 may have contributed to this result. However, further studies are needed to evaluate long-term responses in the ground cover and species composition to the N fertilizer doses used in practical forestry.

Männistö, School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3869-6739 E-mail: elisa.mannisto@uef.fi
Jetsonen, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4878-8951 E-mail: johanna.jetsonen@helsinki.fi
Peltola, School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-9153 E-mail: heli.peltola@uef.fi
Rouvinen, School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: teemu.rouvinen2@outlook.com
Launiainen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Bioeconomy and Environment, Latokartanonkaari 9, 000790 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-6573 E-mail: samuli.launiainen@luke.fi
Laurén, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-9568 E-mail: annamari.lauren@helsinki.fi
Palviainen, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-4748 E-mail: marjo.palviainen@helsinki.fi

article id 25043, category Research article

Henrik Heräjärvi, Adam Taylor, Antti Mutanen, Miika Tolvanen, Jouni Pykäläinen. (2026). Effects of wood products substitution on fossil carbon emissions in Finland, the European Union, and the World. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25043. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25043

Keywords: avoided fossil emissions; carbon handprint; climate policies; substitution impact

Highlights: Use of forests is an important component of climate change mitigation with instant impacts; Product and energy substitutions are the only known forest-related mechanisms substantially affecting fossil greenhouse gas emissions; Substitution impact by wood use corresponds to the fossil emissions of Finland, while in the EU and the world it is similar to the reported LULUCF emissions.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The main driver of climate change is fossil carbon emissions that can be avoided by using renewables instead of fossil-intensive energy or materials. A displacement factor (DF) quantifies fossil emissions avoided by wood use instead of a fossil material. Substitution impact of wood products can be calculated by multiplying their product-specific DFs and their production volumes. We quantified the substitution impact in Finland, the European Union (EU), and worldwide for 2020 using two different DF sets. We extended the analysis out to 2040 in Finland. Depending on DFs used, the avoided fossil emissions by wood use were 13–38 (Finnish wood), 149–317 (EU wood), and 971–2014 (world wood) MtCO₂e in 2020. These correspond to 37–94% (Finland), 6–12% (EU), and 3–6% (world) of total fossil emissions in their respective areas, highlighting the importance of substitution impacts. Despite the uncertainties, the estimates show large climate effects. In Finland, the substitution impact approaches the scale of the total fossil emissions of the country, while at the EU and global scales, the impact is similar in scale to the entire reported LULUCF criterion. The DFs for wood use may decrease in the future because of the decarbonization of the energy systems used in the production of alternatives to wood: steel, concrete, and plastics. However, wood products will remain important in avoiding fossil emissions by providing bio-based material and energy options.

Heräjärvi, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7256-3887 E-mail: henrik.herajarvi@uef.fi
Taylor, University of Tennessee, School of Natural Resources, 203 CRC Material Sci & Tech, 2506 Jacob Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA E-mail: mtaylo29@utk.edu
Mutanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Bioeconomy and environment, Yliopistokatu 6 B, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: antti.mutanen@luke.fi
Tolvanen, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: miika.tolvanen@primatimber.fi
Pykäläinen, University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: jouni.pykalainen@uef.fi

article id 25025, category Research article

Mikko T. Niemi, Marjo Palviainen, Annamari Laurén. (2026). Enhanced multi-objective decision support in peatland forestry using Peatland simulator SUSI. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25025. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25025

Keywords: forest planning; drainage; tree growth; nutrient leaching; trade-offs; ditch depth; greenhouse gas emissions

Highlights: Reaching multidimensional economic and environmental objectives in peatland forest management can be enhanced using process-based ecosystem models; Applying ditch depth of 60 cm in ditch network maintenance improved the trade-off between timber production and soil greenhouse gas emissions compared with the conventional ditch depth of 90 cm; Intensive drainage can reduce tree growth in southern Finland during dry summers.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Boreal peatland forests have been extensively drained to increase timber production, but the maintenance of shallowed ditches has been questioned due to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and negative impacts on water quality. Ditch network maintenance (DNM) lowers water table, which typically increases tree growth, but also increases rate of peat decomposition and consequently CO₂ emissions. Multi-objective forest planning balances between the conflicting economic gains and adverse environmental impacts. We used a process-based Peatland simulator SUSI to simulate three management scenarios for 20 forest stands, covering the variety of growing conditions in Finland. We studied how DNM with a reduced ditch depth (60 cm) and a conventional ditch depth (90 cm) affected stand growth, GHG balance, and nitrogen and phosphorus export. Over a 20-year simulation period, annual volume growth response was on average 0.8 m³ ha^-1 when ditch depth was changed from 30 cm to 60 cm and 1.0 m³ ha^-1 when ditch depth was changed from 30 cm to 90 cm. In southern Finland, DNM decreased stand growth in fertile sites. Soil GHG emissions increased on average by 49% and 119% in 60 cm and 90 cm ditch depths, respectively, compared to 30 cm ditch depth. The cost of reducing GHG emissions ranged from 0–22 € per ton of CO₂ in our study sites and scenarios. Our results support the idea that omitting DNM or reducing ditch depth may lead to acceptable compromises, as the marginal cost of soil GHG emissions considerably increases with increasing ditch depth.

Niemi, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-3667 E-mail: mikko.t.niemi@helsinki.fi
Palviainen, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-4748 E-mail: marjo.palviainen@helsinki.fi
Laurén, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-9568 E-mail: annamari.lauren@helsinki.fi

Category : Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Harvesting Operations - Research article

article id 26004, category Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Harvesting Operations - Research article

M. Chad Bolding, Joseph L Conrad IV, Natascia Magagnotti, Raffaele Spinelli, Timothy R Miller. (2026). Productivity and cost of cut-to-length harvesting on small wet sites in the US South. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 26004. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.26004

Keywords: forwarder; cost; harvester

Highlights: Harvester productivity was most impacted by tree size and species; Wet site conditions and scattered logs reduced forwarder productivity; Adding a mobile loader or using setout trailers could significantly improve system productivity and reduce costs.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The cut-to-length (CTL) harvesting system is utilized globally in diverse forest types, prescriptions, and terrain conditions. Despite this versatility, the system is used sparingly in the US South, which predominantly uses full-tree (FT) systems. The region also contains forested areas characterized as wet mineral flats with hydric soils ranging from sandy loams and fine sands to mucky fine sands. Wet site harvesting is challenging for FT wheeled machines; therefore, these sites are often harvested with shovel logging systems (SL) utilizing tracked excavators and large wheeled skidders. Due to high logging costs, SL requires large sites and timber volumes for economic feasibility. Wet sites that are too small for cost-effective SL and too wet for FT machines often go unmanaged. Due to value recovery potential, low ground pressure, and trafficability in wet conditions, we evaluated the use of a CTL system on small wet sites (<15 ha). Time-and-motion studies were conducted on a Ponsse Ergo harvester and Elephant forwarder while felling-processing, forwarding, and loading. Studies determined productivity and cost for each machine and evaluated opportunities for improvement. Onboard truck costs averaged $15.91 m^–3. Adding a mobile tracked loader to load trucks would increase system productivity by 53% and reduce onboard truck costs by $1.71 m^–3. Alternatively, adding setout trailers would increase system productivity by 32% and reduce onboard truck costs by $2.92 m^–3. Our results provide information on an alternative harvesting system for harvesting small, wet sites. With modifications, the CTL system can be cost effective to recover timber often unutilized.

Bolding, Harley Langdale Jr. Center for Forest Business, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6212-7133 E-mail: bolding@uga.edu
Conrad IV, Harley Langdale Jr. Center for Forest Business, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA E-mail: jlconrad@uga.edu
Magagnotti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR IBE), Firenze, Italy E-mail: natascia.magagnotti@cnr.it
Spinelli, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR IBE), Firenze, Italy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9545-1004 E-mail: raffaele.spinelli@cnr.it
Miller, Harley Langdale Jr. Center for Forest Business, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5499-3073 E-mail: timothy.miller@uga.edu

article id 25047, category Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Harvesting Operations - Research article

Thomas Kronholm, Erik Anerud, Dan Bergström. (2026). Swedish energy plants’ practices and development needs for storage, handling, monitoring and inventory of biofuels. Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25047. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25047

Keywords: biomass; forest fuels; bioenergy; chips; CHP; fuel yard; heating plant

Highlights: Minimizing storage time is the most common measure taken to avoid storage losses; Few cover fuel stacks despite it being considered effective in reducing storage losses; Monitoring fuel quantity and fire risks during storage is often done through subjective methods; The greatest development needs are perceived to be in techniques and methods for inventorying stocks and fuel qualities.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

Better understanding of the energy plants´ biofuel management and storage strategies, and technologies used for monitoring and forecasting fuel requirements and fuel quality at the energy plants, would facilitate possibilities to direct research and development efforts to promote increase of their efficiency and sustainability in the Swedish energy system. The objectives were therefore to 1) survey Swedish energy plants’ use of current practices for handling, storage, monitoring and inventory of solid biofuels at their feed-in terminals and industry fuel yards and 2) analyse how their current storage management actions taken match with their perceived effectiveness of actions and development needs and theory. The survey shows for example that most fuel transport occurs via truck, and supply contracts commonly span one to two years. While 43% of companies perform their own quality measurements upon delivery, a substantial 37% of respondents were unable to estimate their average annual storage losses. Subjective estimation is the most prevalent method for determining fuel quantity and fire risk during storage. Minimizing storage time was identified as the most effective measure to reduce storage losses. However, we found major gaps between theory and practice. Many energy plants demonstrate a foundational understanding of fuel logistics, but there are significant opportunities for enhancing efficiency and sustainability, by for example: implementing more robust systems for tracking and quantifying storage losses; exploring and integrating advanced technologies for inventory management. Thus, a more data-driven and technologically integrated approach to forest fuel management is crucial for Swedish energy plants to further enhance their resource efficiency, reduce climate impact, and ensure a predictable and cost-effective supply of bioenergy.

Kronholm, Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7066-0667 E-mail: thomas.kronholm@slu.se
Anerud, Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-2439 E-mail: erik.anerud1@gmail.com
Bergström, Department of Forest Bioeconomy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-683X E-mail: dan.bergstrom@slu.se

Category : Review article

article id 25062, category Review article

Nawwall Arrofaha, Henti H. Rachmat, Andi Salamah, Fifi G. Dwiyanti, Iskandar Z. Siregar, Oliver Gailing, Koichi Kamiya. (2026). What transformation is needed in Indonesia's Dipterocarpaceae research to contribute to global tropical forestry? Silva Fennica vol. 60 no. 2 article id 25062. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.25062

Keywords: bibliometric analysis; genetic; global; Indonesia; molecular

Highlights: Indonesia is among the countries with the highest Dipterocarp biodiversity; Global studies form two main clusters related to the ecological and phytochemical aspects; Global and Indonesian molecular research focuses on commercially important species; Research in Indonesia is progressing more slowly than global trends, and its domestic research network remains fragmented.

Abstract | Full text in HTML | Full text in PDF | Author Info

The Dipterocarpaceae family comprises the dominant tree species of Southeast Asia’s rainforests, with their centre of diversity in Borneo (Kalimantan) and Sumatra, Indonesia. Despite considerable molecular research on dipterocarps, a comprehensive mapping of the research foci remains lacking. This study aims to identify research priorities, existing gaps, and methodological trends in Dipterocarpaceae studies within Indonesia to inform future research efforts, shape policy directions, and contribute to global sustainable forest management. Through two distinct searches in the Scopus database, 1174 articles were retrieved for bibliometric analysis, and 94 molecular and genetic research articles were selected according to specific keywords and criteria. Bibliometric and thematic analyses revealed two primary clusters within global studies of Dipterocarpaceae: ecology, forestry, and conservation; and phytochemistry and pharmaceutical applications. However, genetic research is primarily focused on species of notable commercial significance, specifically Rubroshorea leprosula (Miq.) P.S.Ashton & J.Heck. and Rubroshorea parvifolia (Dyer) P.S.Ashton & J.Heck. Notably, molecular and genetic research on Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia is approximately two decades behind prevailing global trends. The current focus of molecular research in Indonesia is directed towards genetic diversity and population structure, with strong international collaborations but fragmented national networks, highlighting the need to diversify themes and strengthen partnerships. Furthermore, studies on endemic and threatened species are scarce. The findings of this study emphasize the critical need to strengthen national research capacity, advance technological development, and foster both domestic and international collaborations to address these significant knowledge gaps in the global conservation of Dipterocarpaceae.

Arrofaha, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Prof. Dr. Mahar Mardjono Kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8067-9182 E-mail: nawwall.arrofaha@ui.ac.id
Rachmat, Research Centre for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-6820 E-mail: hent003@brin.go.id
Salamah, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Prof. Dr. Mahar Mardjono Kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-8342 E-mail: salamah@sci.ui.ac.id
Dwiyanti, Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Academic Ring Road Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-3259 E-mail: fifi_dwiyanti@apps.ipb.ac.id
Siregar, Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Academic Ring Road Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5419-482X E-mail: siregar@apps.ipb.ac.id
Gailing, Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2408 E-mail: ogailin@gwdg.de
Kamiya, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3614-9029 E-mail: kkamiya@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp

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