Category :
Article
article id 5600,
category
Article
Anton K. Chtchoukine.
(1996).
North European platyphyllous forests: biodiversity dynamics and climate changes in northwest European Russia.
Silva Fennica
vol.
30
no.
2–3
article id 5600.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a9245
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Distribution, biodiversity and reforestation dynamics of the platyphyllous forests in the Northwest European Russia were investigated. Data assembled from 21 landscape regions (250–350 km2 each) show special features of small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill., Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), mountain elm (Ulmus glabra Mill.) and English oak (Qurecus robur L.) reforestation during the last two decades. New tendencies were found for the taiga areas with natural Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) vegetation. Natural platyphyllous reforestation in cut spruce areas poses as supposed a special question for forest management policy in the relationship to global climate changes. Feasible unsustainability of the common types of succession (Norway spruce - European birch (Betula pendula Roth); Norway spruce - European aspen (Populus tremula L.)) is discussed. Biodiversity of herbs, shrubs and tree species of platyphyllous forests is high and complex and is situated in 4–15 old-growth relics in each landscape region. Low-level genotype heterogeneity of nemoral flora species of such isolated populations is presumed. Special biodiversity conservation regulations are proposed.
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Chtchoukine,
E-mail:
ac@mm.unknown
article id 5506,
category
Article
Risto Heikkilä,
Sauli Härkönen.
(1993).
Moose (Alces alces L.) browsing in young Scots pine stands in relation to the characteristics of their winter habitats.
Silva Fennica
vol.
27
no.
2
article id 5506.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15667
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Moose (Alces alces L.) browsing was studied in young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands mixed with deciduous trees in high-density winter ranges. The proportional use of twig biomass decreased as the availability increased. The total as well as proportional biomass consumption were higher on the moist than on the dry type of forest. The per tree consumption of pine was higher on the moist type, where the availability of pine was lower. Deciduous trees were more consumed on the moist type, where their availability was relatively high. The consumption of pine saplings increased as the availability of birch increased. Pine stem breakages were most numerous when birch occurred as overgrowth above pine and at high birch densities. The availability of other deciduous tree species did not correlate with browsing intensity of Scots pine. Moose browsing had seriously inhibited the development of Scots pines in 6% of the stands, over 60% of available biomass having been removed. Rowan and aspen were commonly over-browsed and their height growth was inhibited, which occurred rarely by birch. There was no difference in the proportion of young stands in forest areas with high and low moose density. A high proportion of peatland forests was found to indicate relatively good feeding habitats in the high-density areas.
The PDF includes an abstract in Finnish.
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Heikkilä,
E-mail:
rh@mm.unknown
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Härkönen,
E-mail:
sh@mm.unknown
article id 4627,
category
Article
Paavo Jaakko Ollinmaa.
(1952).
Jalot lehtipuumme luontaisina ja viljeltyinä.
Silva Fennica
no.
77
article id 4627.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a9099
English title:
Native and cultivated southern broadleaved tree species in Finland.
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The aim of the study was to update knowledge of natural range of English oak (Quercus robur L.), European ash (Fraxinus exelsior L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Miller), wych elm (Ulmus glabra Mill.) and European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.) in Finland, and estimate how far north they could be grown as forest trees or as park trees. The study is based on literature and questionnaires sent to cities and towns, District Forestry Boards, districts of Forest Service, Forestry Management Associations and railway stations.
The northern borders in the natural range of the species succeed one another from south to north as follows: English oak, European ash, Norway maple, wych elm, and small-leaved lime. Occurrence of European white elm is sporadic. The English oak forms forests in the southernmost Finland, while the other species grow only as small stands, groups or solitary trees. According to experiences of planted stands or trees, the northern limits of the species succeed one another from south to north as follows: European ash, English oak, Norway maple, European white elm, wych elm and small-leaved lime. All the species are grown in parks fairly generally up to the district of Kuopio-Vaasa (63 °). The northern limits where the species can be grown as park trees reach considerably further north in the western part of the country than in the east.
The article includes a summary in English.
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Ollinmaa,
E-mail:
po@mm.unknown
Category :
Article
article id 7114,
category
Article
English title:
Snow cover and ground frost in Finnish forests.
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Snow cover and ground frost was studied in 29 forest stands in Southern and Central Finland in 1957–1959. The tree species influenced greatly accumulation of snow on the forest floor. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) retains snow in its crown. In addition, snow and water falling from the branches compress the snow cover under the trees, and the ground freezes deeper because of the shallow snow cover. In the spring, the dense crown prevents rain and radiation reaching the ground, which remains cold longer. However, ground frost may protect spruce, which has a weak root system, from wind damages.
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has similar, but milder, effects on snow cover within the forest. The crowns of pine seedlings and young trees pass snow easily, but later the crowns intercept it considerably. The lower branches are, however, high up and the snow is evenly spread on the ground. The deciduous trees intercept little snow and in the spring the snow smelts and the frozen soil thaws early. The snow conditions of deciduous forests are, however, changed by a spruce undergrowth.
It can be assumed that the unfavourable conditions in spruce forests can be alleviated by thinning. Also, mixture of pine and deciduous trees can transform the conditions more favourable in the spruce stands.
The PDF includes a summary in English.
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Yli-Vakkuri,
E-mail:
py@mm.unknown
article id 7261,
category
Article
K. Linkola.
(1930).
On half-deciduous woodlands in Estonia.
Acta Forestalia Fennica
vol.
36
no.
3
article id 7261.
https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7261
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Half-deciduous woodlands are the combination of deciduous forests and heath forests from their vegetation. The article describes three half-deciduous forest types from the commune of Hager, 40 kilometers south form Tallinn.
The occurrence of half-deciduous forests depends on the soil conditions, especially on lime content of the soil, when the occurrence of other forest types is more a question of climate. They are important as an original site for many continental plant species.
The PDF contains a summary in Finnish.
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Linkola,
E-mail:
kl@mm.unknown
Category :
Research article
article id 22019,
category
Research article
Highlights:
We analyzed the habitat associations of 231 nationally red-listed epiphytic lichen species in Finland; Their habitat associations were varying, but deciduous trees, old forests and trees, and microclimates with intermediate or high light availability and humidity were particularly important; The maintenance of the habitats of many red-listed epiphytic lichens is difficult if not impossible to combine with intensive forest management.
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The Finnish red list shows that the epiphytic lichen flora of Finnish forests is highly threatened and declining steeply. Red lists provide limited information on the habitat associations of threatened species, which could be relevant in informing management and conservation measures. We used documented empirical data and expert assessments to determine for each red-listed (IUCN categories Near Threatened, NT; Vulnerable, VU; Endangered, EN; Critically Endangered, CR; Regionally Extinct, RE) epiphytic lichen species of Finland the following key habitat associations: host tree species, substrate type, habitat type, geographical distribution, preferred microclimate, and minimum required forest and tree age. The most important host tree species were Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Populus tremula L. Other tree species of high importance included Sorbus aucuparia L. and Salix caprea L. One fourth of red-listed epiphytic lichens were primarily lignicolous. Most species required old-growth forests (required by 41% of species) or old trees (52%), but many species required only mature forests (36%) or trees (35%). The microclimatic preferences of most red-listed epiphytic lichens consisted of high or intermediate light availability and humidity. Most species whose status had deteriorated were dependent on deciduous trees. The continuous availability of old deciduous trees (especially Populus, Salix and Sorbus) requires special attention in both managed and protected forests. Red-listed epiphytic lichens would be aided by increased forest protection or transitioning to less intensive management regimes.
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Nirhamo,
School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-533X
E-mail:
aleksi.nirhamo@uef.fi
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Pykälä,
Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7566-9310
E-mail:
juha.pykala@syke.fi
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Jääskeläinen,
Kuopio Museum of Natural History, Kuopio, Finland
E-mail:
jaaskimmo@gmail.com
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Kouki,
School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2624-8592
E-mail:
jari.kouki@uef.fi
article id 10520,
category
Research article
Shaoqin Yang,
Lita Yi,
Nuonan Ye,
Mengyuan Wu,
Meihua Liu.
(2022).
Spatial pattern dynamics of Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia in mixed broad-leaved forests on Tianmu Mountain, eastern China, 1996–2012.
Silva Fennica
vol.
56
no.
1
article id 10520.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10520
Highlights:
Spatial distribution pattern monitoring of Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia was performed over 16 years in a 1 ha plot; The importance value of C. myrsinifolia decreased between 1996 and 2012; The spatial distribution pattern changed at a spatial scale of 0–25 m; The drivers of the variation in spatial distribution were intra- and interspecific mutual relationships.
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Studies of the spatial patterns of dominant plant species may provide significant insights into processes and mechanisms that maintain stand stability. This study was performed in a permanent 1 ha plot in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests on Tianmu Mountain. Based on two surveys (1996 and 2012), the dynamics of the spatial distribution pattern of the dominant population (Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia (Blume) Oersted) and the intra- and interspecific relationships between C. myrsinifolia and other dominant species populations were analyzed using Ripley’s K(r) function. We identified the importance value of a species in a community, which is the sum of the relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. The drivers of spatial distribution variation and the maintenance mechanisms of the forest were discussed. The results showed that the importance value of C. myrsinifolia within the community decreased over the past 16 years. The C. myrsinifolia population exhibited a significantly aggregated distribution within a spatial scale of 0–25 m in 1996 whereas it changed to a random distribution at scales larger than 5.5 m in 2012. From 1996 to 2012, the spatial distribution patterns between C. myrsinifolia and Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk. and between C. myrsinifolia and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook did not change significantly. In 1996, C. myrsinifolia and Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. were positively associated at the scale of 0–25 m; this relationship was strongly significant at the scale of 6–10 m. However, there was no association between the populations of two species in terms of the spatial distribution at the scale of 0–25 m in 2012. Our findings indicate that the drivers of variation in the spatial distribution of the C. myrsinifolia population were intra- and interspecific mutual relationships as well the seed-spreading mechanism of this species.
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Yang,
Zhejiang Forest Resources Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310020, China
E-mail:
20080095@zafu.edu.cn
-
Yi,
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
E-mail:
yilita@zafu.edu.cn
-
Ye,
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
E-mail:
542243187@qq.com
-
Wu,
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
E-mail:
326585523@qq.com
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Liu,
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
E-mail:
mhliu@zafu.edu.cn
article id 10515,
category
Research article
Alwin A. Hardenbol,
Anton Kuzmin,
Lauri Korhonen,
Pasi Korpelainen,
Timo Kumpula,
Matti Maltamo,
Jari Kouki.
(2021).
Detection of aspen in conifer-dominated boreal forests with seasonal multispectral drone image point clouds.
Silva Fennica
vol.
55
no.
4
article id 10515.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10515
Highlights:
Four boreal tree species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, birches and European aspen) classified with an overall accuracy of 95%; Presence of European aspen detected with excellent accuracy (UA: 97%, PA: 96%); Late spring is the best time for species classification by remote sensing; Best time to separate aspen from birch was when birch had leaves, but aspen did not.
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Current remote sensing methods can provide detailed tree species classification in boreal forests. However, classification studies have so far focused on the dominant tree species, with few studies on less frequent but ecologically important species. We aimed to separate European aspen (Populus tremula L.), a biodiversity-supporting tree species, from the more common species in European boreal forests (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies [L.] Karst., Betula spp.). Using multispectral drone images collected on five dates throughout one thermal growing season (May–September), we tested the optimal season for the acquisition of mono-temporal data. These images were collected from a mature, unmanaged forest. After conversion into photogrammetric point clouds, we segmented crowns manually and automatically and classified the species by linear discriminant analysis. The highest overall classification accuracy (95%) for the four species as well as the highest classification accuracy for aspen specifically (user’s accuracy of 97% and a producer’s accuracy of 96%) were obtained at the beginning of the thermal growing season (13 May) by manual segmentation. On 13 May, aspen had no leaves yet, unlike birches. In contrast, the lowest classification accuracy was achieved on 27 September during the autumn senescence period. This is potentially caused by high intraspecific variation in aspen autumn coloration but may also be related to our date of acquisition. Our findings indicate that multispectral drone images collected in spring can be used to locate and classify less frequent tree species highly accurately. The temporal variation in leaf and canopy appearance can alter the detection accuracy considerably.
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Hardenbol,
University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-505X
E-mail:
alwin.hardenbol@uef.fi
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Kuzmin,
University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
anton.kuzmin@uef.fi
-
Korhonen,
University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
lauri.korhonen@uef.fi
-
Korpelainen,
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
pasi.korpelainen@uef.fi
-
Kumpula,
University of Eastern Finland, Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
timo.kumpula@uef.fi
-
Maltamo,
University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
matti.maltamo@uef.fi
-
Kouki,
University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
E-mail:
jari.kouki@uef.fi
article id 10444,
category
Research article
Risto Kalliola,
Timo Saarinen,
Niko Tanski.
(2021).
Seasonal variations of foliar element distributions of silver birch in different habitats.
Silva Fennica
vol.
55
no.
1
article id 10444.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.10444
Highlights:
Detailed mapping using micro X-ray fluorescence showed element variations in a seasonal cohort of silver birch leaves in six different habitats; Seasonal changes occurred in most of the ten studied nutrient elements; Different habitats showed unique seasonal development patterns in specific elements; Element distributions within individual leaf blades were variable; Phenotypic plasticity of foliar nutrients supports adaptation to patchy environments.
Abstract |
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Novel information on silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) foliar element contents and their seasonal, between-habitat and leaf level variations are provided by applying fine-scaled element mapping with micro X-ray fluorescence. In the monthly leaf samples collected from May to October from six different habitats, pairwise scatter plots and Spearman’s rank correlations showed statistically significant positive correlations between Si, Al and Fe, and covariations between also many other pairs of elements. Of the ten elements studied, seven showed statistically significant changes in their average levels between May and June. The contents of P, S and K decreased in most habitats during the later season, whereas Ca and in some habitats also Mn and Zn increased. Comparing habitats, trees in the limestone habitat had relatively low content of Mg, strongly increasing levels of P until the late season, and high content of Ca and Fe. Other habitats also revealed distinctive particularities in their foliar elements, such as a high relative content of S and a low content of Ca at the seashore. Mn was high in three habitats, possibly due to bedrock characteristics. Except for P, the contents of all elements diverged between the midrib and other leaf areas. Zn content was particularly high in the leaf veins. Mn levels were highest at the leaf margins, indicating a possible sequestration mechanism for this potentially harmful element. Si may help to alleviate the metallic toxicities of Al and Fe. Because the growing season studied was dry, some trees developed symptoms of drought stress. The injured leaf parts had reduced levels of P, S and K, suggesting translocation of these nutrients before permanent damage.
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Kalliola,
Department of geography and geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-8217
E-mail:
risto.kalliola@utu.fi
-
Saarinen,
Department of geography and geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
E-mail:
tijusa@utu.fi
-
Tanski,
Department of geography and geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
E-mail:
niko.tanski@utu.fi
article id 45,
category
Research article
Guolei Li,
Yong Liu,
Yan Zhu,
Qing Mei Li,
R. Karsten Dumroese.
(2012).
Effect of fall-applied nitrogen on growth, nitrogen storage and frost hardiness of bareroot Larix olgensis seedlings.
Silva Fennica
vol.
46
no.
3
article id 45.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.45
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Nursery response of evergreen trees to fall fertilization has been studied widely, but little attention has been given to deciduous trees. Bareroot Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings were fertilized in the nursery with urea at four rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha–1), with half of each rate applied on two dates (September 16 and October 1, 2009). The seedlings were excavated for evaluation on October 15. In the unfertilized (control) treatment, root and shoot dry mass increased by 100% and 57% respectively, while N concentration in the roots and shoots increased by 43% and 40% during the 30 day period. This indicated that substantial biomass growth during this period did not lead to internal nutrient dilution. Root dry mass increased when fall fertilization rates were ≥ 60 kg N ha–1. Fall fertilization increased N concentrations in root tissue by 48–73%. Compared with the control, shoot tissues of fall fertilized seedlings had slightly higher N concentration and content and significantly higher frost hardiness.
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Li,
Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
E-mail:
gl@nn.cn
-
Liu,
Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
E-mail:
lyong@bjfu.edu.cn
-
Zhu,
Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
E-mail:
yz@nn.cn
-
Li,
Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture of State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China
E-mail:
qml@nn.cn
-
Dumroese,
US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID, USA
E-mail:
rkd@nn.us
article id 43,
category
Research article
Anni Markkanen,
Panu Halme.
(2012).
Polypore communities in broadleaved boreal forests.
Silva Fennica
vol.
46
no.
3
article id 43.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.43
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The cover and extent of boreal broadleaved forests have been decreasing due to modern forest management practices and fire suppression. As decomposers of woody material, polypores are ecologically important ecosystem engineers. The ecology and conservation biology of polypores have been studied intensively in boreal coniferous forests. However, only a few studies have focused on the species living on broadleaved trees. To increase knowledge on this species group we conducted polypore surveys in 27 broadleaved forests and 303 forest compartments (539 ha) on the southern boreal zone in Finland and measured dead wood and forest characteristics. We detected altogether 98 polypore species, of which 13 are red-listed in Finland. 60% of the recorded species are primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The number of species in a local community present in a broadleaved forest covered approximately 50 species, of which 30–40 were primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The size of the inventoried area explained 67% of the variation in the species richness, but unlike in previous studies conducted in coniferous forests, dead wood variables as well as forest structure had very limited power in explaining polypore species richness on forest stand level. The compartments occupied by red listed Protomerulius caryae had an especially high volume of living birch, but otherwise the occurrences of red-listed species could not be predicted based on the forest structure.
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Markkanen,
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
E-mail:
anni.e.markkanen@gmail.com
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Halme,
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
E-mail:
ph@nn.fi
article id 114,
category
Research article
Roy V. Rea.
(2011).
Impacts of moose (Alces alces) browsing on paper birch (Betula papyrifera) morphology and potential timber quality.
Silva Fennica
vol.
45
no.
2
article id 114.
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.114